Step 2 Reboot iPad in DFU Mode and Download the Latest Firmware Now, launch the program and click on "System Recovery" to initiate your iPad recovery process. Next, install it and connect your iPad to PC using a thunderbolt or USB data cable. Step 1Install the Program and Connect iPad to Computerįirstly, download the software from the official website and the trial version is absolutely free. Use the following manual to fix your issue with iPad. Don't worry, none of your data will be erased using this program and you can run this tool from both Mac and Windows systems. This tool will totally update the firmware of your iPad and will make it fresh as new. iOS System Recovery software has made it very easy to resolve any kind of iOS related issues like if your iDevice is stuck on iTunes logo or showing a white/black screen, stuck on recovery mode or your device is simply performing abnormally. If the above mentioned method doesn't work then don't get irritated since we have one ultimate trick to resolve this issue. Method 2: Fix iPad Stuck on iTunes Logo with iOS System Recovery Software ![]() Or you should follow the steps in Method 2. So make sure you already backed up the device. NOTE: The data on iPad will be permanently erased if you chose this method. Click on "Update" to install the iOS again on your iPad and restart it when it's done. Step 4: You will be able to see a message on the iTunes that will say "There's a problem with your iPad that requires it to be updated or restored". Step 3: If it still doesn't work then connect your iPad to PC and launch iTunes on your PC. Step 2: When you see the Apple logo, let go of the Power/Wake up button and keep holding the Home button until it is successfully restarted. Step 1: Turn off your iPad and restart it by pressing Home and Wake button simultaneously. In many occasions, a basic hard reset can really resolve this issue and here's how to do that. Hard reset simply means to restart your iPad but using special instruction to reset the default settings of your device. In this guide, we will share a couple of methods that you can use to get your iPad out of the stuck iTunes logo screen and use it normally. Still there are few methods that can be implemented to fix this issue. ![]() Now, it can be really frustrating if your iPad is abruptly stuck on the iTunes logo but it is not the end of your iPad yet. Apple clearly stated in their support website that a stuck Apple device can be fixed from the recovery mode or connecting your device to PC and fix it using iTunes software. Mainly, iPad is stuck on the iTunes logo or Apple logo when you fail to update the software properly or due to some malfunctions in hardware. But if your iPad is stuck on the iTunes logo while restarting the device then rebooting won't really resolve this issue. Most of the times when your iPad or iPhone or iPod is stuck on iTunes logo or frozen or showing white screen then a simple reboot can fix the issue. How to Fix iPad Stuck on iTunes Logo and USB Screen
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![]() Regardless, this was a great way to keep a computer from lapsing into sleep.Ĭaffeine is freeware. While this doesn't hurt its overall excellence, a timer or scheduler might be a smart inclusion. Some energy drink brands contain as much as 300mg of caffeine per can. While one 16-ounce Americano coffee can contain 225 mg of caffeine, the caffeine content of a 16-ounce can of energy drink. Energy drinks, on the other hand, contain significantly more caffeine. The amount of caffeine in an energy drink depends on the brand and type. That said, soft drinks are socially acceptable to consume at all ages. ![]() Caffeine is so simple and basic that it offers no features, special or otherwise. Because soft drinks usually contain a bunch of sugar and only a little caffeine or other ingredients. ![]() Since that was what was supposed to happen (or not happen) it is obviously an effective way to keep your screen open. We had no way to prove or disprove whether the keystroke happened, but the program lived up to its billing: we left the computer idle for several minutes, which normally would have resulted in the screensaver kicking in, and nothing happened. The program's description claims it simulated a keystroke once a minute in order to keep our computer from going to sleep. It's pretty much impossible to be confused with such a simple layout. Caffeine basically has only an on/off switch. At over 1,500 milligrams of caffeine per serving, this coffee is not for the faint of heart. The world’s highest caffeine coffee is Black Label by Devil Mountain. We enjoyed this program's interface, because it didn't try to overextend itself. Caffeine content: 1,555 mg of caffeine per 12-ounce cup. The half-life (the amount of time it takes for the amount of a drug in your body to be cut in half) of caffeine is between 4-6 hours. Coffee and Red Bull offer similar amounts of this stimulant per serving, though coffee has. 1 cup or 8 ounces of an energy drink contains about 85 mg caffeine. 4 Some drinks containing extracts of these seeds can contain up to 125 mg caffeine per serving. It's handy for times when you don't want a screensaver but also don't want to change your desktop settings. Caffeine acts on the nervous system to increase energy, alertness, and brain function. Guarana seeds contain about four times the amount of caffeine as that found in coffee beans. Vitamin B12, however, is necessary for numerous bodily functions. Energy drinks contain more vitamins than coffee. The energy drink formula contains 42 vitamins, including enough vitamin B12. Green tea has less at only 35 mg to 45 mg, and it also contains L-theanine, which can have calming effects. Of all the teas, black has the highest caffeine concentration at 40 mg to 70 mg per average serving. For soda, it’s 32 mg per 335 ml (12 ounces). In tea, it’s 26.2 mg per 238 grams (1 cup). Like a strong cup of coffee, the program prevents your screensaver from kicking in without your having to disable the screensaver itself. A cup of coffee has 21 of vitamins, which is a fair amount. For coffee, it’s 95 mg per 8 ounces (1 cup). Caffeine keeps a computer from locking up or falling asleep by regularly simulating keystrokes. If you can’t get a price over the phone, call another company. Get a price quote before the locksmith is dispatched to your current location. If you decide to call a locksmith, make sure you choose a licensed company. If you’re locked out of your house (because the house keys are with the car keys), leaving work, or are out shopping, you might now have access to the items you need for some of these techniques. However, these calls are not a priority and they use up a valuable city resource. Some officers may have the tools necessary to open a car. The AAA member just needs to be present to use this member benefit. You don’t need to own the car to use the unlocking service. If you’re a member of AAA, they work with reputable professional locksmiths that provide unlocking services for member vehicles. This seemed a little far-fetched to me, but I can’t say it doesn’t work until I’ve tried this method myself. The pressure the ball created popped her lock. She pushed as hard as she could on the ball while maintaining the ball’s position. Then she places the tennis ball over the door’s lock. This video shows a young lady burning a hole in a tennis ball. Maybe one day we’ll do an experiment and share the video showing the results. This method is intriguing, but don’t try this on your car. Also, this method only works on pop-up locks. Unless you know exactly what you’re doing, and where to place the wedge, you damage your door and the seal. He pried the door apart and used the plastic strip to pop the knob at the top of the door. There’s a video showing a man using a wedge and a folded piece of plastic to unlock his car. Waiting for the locksmith is a better and less expensive choice. It may take as few as 15 to 30 minutes for a locksmith to arrive. You may pay more if the window is t inted or treated. A small window can cost as much as $500 to replace, a regular window glass can be a few hundred. Some people are in a hurry to get into their car and think if they break a small back window, believing it’s an inexpensive alternative to waiting and paying for a locksmith. However, like the coat hanger, if you don’t know the proper way to use a Slim Jim, you can damage your car’s lock mechanism. There are some cars that can’t be unlocked with this tool. Professional locksmiths sometimes use a wedge on a door, but they are professionals who know how much force to use and where to use it, to avoid damaging the door. Also, the screwdriver used to separate the door can damage your vehicle’s paint and the door’s frame. A bent door won’t seal correctly which can cause leaks. There’s a video showing how to use a screwdriver to pry the vehicle’s door away from the car’s body. This method can be costlier in damage than a coat hanger. The metal hanger can damage the tint on your windows and cause damage to the lock mechanism inside the door, which can lead to costly repairs. Even if you did, it would probably be locked inside the car with your keys. If you’re like most people you don’t carry a metal hanger with you. This is also one of the most damaging methods. This is the most common method used by people trying to unlock their car without using a key. This is something that many people would not be able to pull off, especially since this is not a simple knot to make. This type of knot can be tightened when it is in position around the pull knob. ![]() You’ll need to know how to tie a loop tight. This method works best for vehicles that have a pop-up lock by the door near the window. There’s a video on the internet showing a man that was able to unlock his car using a shoestring. I’ve unlocked hundreds, or possibly thousands of vehicle locks. For the last 30 years, I’ve worked as a locksmith. Here are the most common ways to unlock your car on your own.īefore we talk about the methods, here’s a little about my background. ![]() The damage to your vehicle may be expensive. This damage may include damaging the lock mechanism, damaging the interior panel of your car door, scratches to your vehicle’s door, and scratches to the car’s window tint. ![]() It’s important to remember that trying to unlock your car on your own might lead to costly damage to your vehicle. In fact, there are many videos on the internet showing different methods for unlocking your car without a key. Have you lost your keys? Are your keys locked in your car? Have you ever tried to unlock your car using a tennis ball? That may seem impossible or absurd, but there’s a video floating around on the internet demonstrating this method. His family pushes her to bear children, as they believe this is the only pleasure that a woman desires. After their marriage, Megha discovers that while Paras is continuously pleasured during sex, he is not aware of her dissatisfaction. Megha ( Kiara Advani) is a young school teacher who is engaged to Paras ( Vicky Kaushal), an office worker. Reena tells Sudhir that she cannot meet him again and leaves with her husband. The next morning, she tells Sudhir that Salman knows about the affair, wants her to end it and that Sudhir can never "know" that Salman was aware of the affair at all. Later that night, the couple bond and make love whilst Reena is grief-stricken. After she reveals her 3-year affair with Sudhir, Salman breaks down and asks her to stay for the sake of their children. Reena reveals to Salman that she is unhappy in their marriage, and feels that Salman only needs a mother for his children, not a wife. Reena ends up calling Salman to Sudhir's home. Reena voices they should tell Salman about the affair so they can openly be together and is disheartened at Sudhir's reaction as he does not seem to think it a possibility. During one of Reena's visits to Sudhir's home, Salman ( Sanjay Kapoor) relays to Sudhir that he suspects Reena is cheating on him. The two are in love and have maintained their secret relationship for 3 years. ![]() Reena ( Manisha Koirala), a banker, is in an extra-marital affair with her husband's close friend Sudhir ( Jaideep Ahlawat). Sudha slowly eats a piece of the sweets and resuming her normal routine, is shown to leave the apartment after yet another day of work. She appears to be desolate as Ajit's mother distributes sweets and congratulates her. ![]() Sudha serves them tea and finds Ajit romancing his bride-to-be in his room. As she prepares food, she watches the two families finalize the marriage and discuss the futures of their children. One day, a family arrives with their daughter for a marriage proposal and Sudha is silently heartbroken. Ajit's parents arrive to stay for some time, during which Sudha is shown to diligently work for the family, despite earning only ignorance from Ajit. It is revealed that Sudha is his maid, who arrives daily to clean his bachelor apartment. Sudha ( Bhumi Pednekar) and Ajit ( Neil Bhoopalam)are secretly in a passionate sexual relationship. Tejas tells her that he was unaware of her feelings and is willing to leave Natasha for her, to which Kalindi replies, "Are you mad? I'm married". Finally, in her exasperation, Kalindi relays to Tejas that she was interested in him and that she wishes him luck with Natasha. To get him to confess, Kalindi obsessively stalks the couple, behaves rudely towards Natasha, and even breaks into Tejas's room to search for evidence. She realizes that Tejas is beginning a relationship with his classmate Natasha (Ridhi Khakhar), which Tejas vehemently denies. ![]() She begins dating her colleague Neeraj (Randeep Jha) but breaks up with him due to his firm belief in monogamy and his sexual awkwardness. Inspired by his adventurous stories of love and numerous short-term relationships, Kalindi is also on a mission to explore her own sexuality. During these cuts, she reveals that she is married to a man named Mihir, who is 12 years older than her and remains a close confidante. Multiple scenes are woven throughout the segment which depict Kalindi speaking to someone off-screen, in the fashion of an interview. The morning after, she reassures herself that it was only a one-time occurrence but later stresses over the power dynamic of a student-teacher relationship. Kalindi ( Radhika Apte), a college professor, engages in a one night stand with a student of hers named Tejas ( Akash Thosar). The film was nominated for two Awards at the 47th International Emmy Awards Best TV Movie or Miniseries and Best Actress for Apte. Lust Stories is the second of three anthology films from Johar, Banerjee, Akhtar and Kashyap, being preceded by Bombay Talkies in 2013 and followed by Ghost Stories in 2020, the latter also being released on Netflix. Co-produced by Ronnie Screwvala of RSVP and Ashi Dua of Flying Unicorn Entertainment, the film has an ensemble cast including Radhika Apte, Bhumi Pednekar, Manisha Koirala and Kiara Advani with Akash Thosar, Vicky Kaushal, Neha Dhupia and others. ![]() Lust Stories is a 2018 Indian Hindi-language anthology film, consisting of four short film segments directed by Anurag Kashyap, Zoya Akhtar, Dibakar Banerjee, and Karan Johar and based on the concept of the 2013 anthology film Bombay Talkies. ![]() Let’s play a off-road truck game to take different jobs of an american truck driver and complete them within a specified time period with maximum accuracy in track off road games. Play the cargo truck driver game to achieve your highest efficiency with your skill as a mud truck driver. Game description: Indian Truck Transport Truck Games : We present the off-road truck games after the success of the off-road truck game 3d. Play against many different opponents with many different gameplay style. Watch Youtube or Twitch videos: gamer's gameplay style and tutorials. And free packs can be obtained every certain hours. Use ad packs from the store to get currency. Practising to get better time in PVE or offline mode. Play daily events for more chance to get better currency. Keep watching ads and collect more and more daily currency rewards. The beginner's tutorial gives you lots of free stuff and rewards, which are some of the most valuable items in the game. The first cheat or exploit is to not skip the tutorial, even if you're an advanced player and this is your second, third or fourth alt account. Name of Cheat/Mod/Hack (credits: wendgames): Once installed, you can experience the Cargo Transport Simulator mod on your phone, and I'm sure you'll love it.APK MOD INFO Name of Game: Indian Truck Driver Truck Game VERSION: New Select the latest version to download and install. Search Cargo Transport Simulator in the jojoy game community, you can get the apk you need to download. ![]() After installation, you can easily use the Jojoy game community. How to download Cargo Transport Simulator Mod APK on Jojoy?įirst of all, you need to download the jojoy app on jojoy.io. Mod APKs are becoming more and more important, and Jojoy has even become an important alternative to Google play, because all apps downloaded in jojoy can be used for free, which is more user-friendly. Jojoy is a Mod APK downloader, you can find all the app or game mod apk you need to download in Jojoy. And the Cargo Transport Simulator Mod APK is the Unlimited Money version, which means you can experience such fun. You can easily use the green and clean version. The advanced version of Mod APK removes the features of charging in popular apps, and eliminates many problems that require watching ads to use. You will experience unlimited gold coins or unlimited diamonds, or even unlimited levels, you can easily experience the fun of the game without any effort. Mod APK premium version has different interpretations in different apps, such as game mod apk. ![]() You don't even need to spend time unlocking any of the quests in it, because you're in God's perspective and you can do everything with ease. What is Cargo Transport Simulator Mod APK?Ĭargo Transport Simulator Mod APK is a premium version of Cargo Transport Simulator, in Cargo Transport Simulator Mod APK you can use all the features in Cargo Transport Simulator without spending money or watching ads. Love a lot from India to the Skisosoft team. I am just searching for this kind of game. I am just speechless after playing this game because of its graphics. But in truck game right side mirror is not visible from inside of driving z solve this just like in your bus game both mirrors are visible ,which enables to view either side of the vehicle's background. It is very good game.and very realistic graphics are there. How do people say Cargo Transport Simulator? All vehicles are fully modeled and have realistic interior and exterior views with freelook feature.If you are not into semi trucks, there is also a variety of Light Trucks. Deliver trailers and earn money, upgrade your truck or buy more modern trucks. You start with a classic venerable truck. ![]() The world has dynamic day and night cycle, as well as different weather conditions.Start from the bottom and work your company to the top. Download Jojoy now and you can experience the Cargo Transport Simulator Mod APK for free.ĬTS: Cargo Transport SimulatorBecome a truck driver in this expansive open world truck driver simulator. Cargo Transport Simulator Mod APK (Unlimited Money) is a premium version of Cargo Transport Simulator, you can use all the features of Cargo Transport Simulator without paying or watching ads. Cargo Transport Simulator Mod APK (Unlimited Money) 2023 Download with JojoyĬargo Transport Simulator is one of the most popular apps right now, Cargo Transport Simulator has 10M+ downloads on Google Play. The attention he's gotten has been overwhelmingly positive, Haydon said. As a science communicator, he's noticed more people are paying attention to science news, especially when it comes to vaccine development. Haydon said he's been amazed at the level of engagement of people following his story on social media. People have followed along with Haydon's experience on Twitter Again, he recovered after about 24 hours of side effects. He had some arm pain the day he got the booster shot, as well as a low-grade fever, nausea, aches, and fatigue that lasted into the next day. ![]() Fortunately, his reaction wasn't nearly as severe as his second-shot side effects - probably similar to what most people are experiencing after their second dose of the vaccine nowadays. Haydon got the shot on April 1, nearly a year after his first dose of the vaccine. ![]() He got an experimental booster made up of 25 micrograms of the Moderna vaccine that's currently in use and 25 micrograms of a new vaccine tailored to the B.1.351 variant that was first spotted in South Africa. "There are two questions that the researchers are looking at: we don't know whether it's safe to take a booster at all, and we also don't know what the effect of taking a slightly modified version of the vaccine is going to be," Haydon said. The researchers were looking into the safety of a possible booster shot, and the early trial participants were their best hope for a long-term study. "We learned about the dose of the vaccine that's most effective and what dose is too high, and that's going to go on to benefit a lot of people who end up taking a safer dose of the vaccine." Haydon got an experimental third shot this monthĪbout three months ago, Haydon was contacted by the team running the Phase 1 trial. "As bad as it was to go through, it still is comforting to me to know that it wasn't for nothing," Haydon told Insider. Even after the brutal 24 hours, Haydon said he didn't regret participating in the trial. The Moderna researchers would later decide that a medium dose provided the same protection with less severe side effects than what Haydon experienced. And when he woke up the next day, he was "basically fully recovered." ![]() By that evening, his fever was climbing down and the headache and nausea were getting less intense. At home, he threw up and fainted shortly after, but opted not to return to urgent care. He was eventually discharged and went home to catch up on the sleep he missed.īut Haydon still felt ill when he woke up in the middle of the next day. Haydon said he felt "a lot better" after the two hours he spent at urgent care. He was advised to go to urgent care, where he received IV fluids and Tylenol to bring his fever down. His side effects were bad, but helped inform Moderna about dosingĪfter waking up in the middle of the night with a high fever, nausea, headache, and muscle aches, Haydon called the 24-hour hotline set up for trial participants - which was open "in case anything got bad, and this was kind of bad." Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders. We will have some weak cold air advection coming in at the surface and through the low levels with the 850 mb temps eventually falling to around 5C later Monday. Our low level flow and winds will shift from the north- northwest tonight into Monday. Any rainfall will be very light with a few hundredths of an inch possible. As this front slides through, a few showers or isolated thunderstorm may develop this evening and overnight. A weak cold front that is located over southern and central Michigan at this time will push through later this evening. This low will track east-southeastward tonight. There is also a well defined low pressure system on the satellite and radar imagery currently centered south of Lake Michigan this afternoon. The trough axis will be through our by sunrise Monday morning. There is an upper and mid level trough currently moving across the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region today through tonight. And that will generally theme with mix of some sun and clouds should continue for the rest of the late afternoon through sunset. We ended up with some bonus breaks of sunshine today with about half the sky with clouds and half with blue skies and sun. Expect another night with lows in the low to mid 50s. There were a few isolated thunderstorms earlier this evening, but with the loss of daytime heating, thunderstorm chances have decreased. The cold front is continuing to move over the forecast area this evening bringing areas of scattered showers. High pressure returns later Monday and persists for the bulk of next week. The water temperature off toledo is 70 degrees, off cleveland 71 degrees, and off erie 72 degrees.Īrea Forecast Discussion National Weather Service Cleveland OH 729 PM EDT Sun Sep 17 2023Ī low pressure system will track west to east across the region tonight and exit the region early Monday. See lake erie open lakes forecast for Tuesday through Thursday. Winds and waves higher in and near Thunderstorms. Monday night.Northwest winds 5 to 10 knots becoming north. Monday.North winds 5 to 10 knots becoming northwest. A chance of showers with a slight chance of Thunderstorms. Rest of today.Southeast winds less than 10 knots becoming north. Lez145>147-172015- vermilion to avon point oh-avon point to willowick oh- willowick to geneva-on-the lake oh- 920 am edt Sun sep 17 2023 Occasional wave height is the average of the highest 1/10 of the wave spectrum. Waves are the significant wave height - the average of the highest 1/3 of the wave spectrum. Nearshore marine forecast national weather service cleveland oh 920 am edt Sun sep 17 2023įor waters within five nautical miles of shore In the month of September on average Cleveland gets 90.76mm of rain and approximately 8 rainy days in the month. Cleveland weather in Septemberĭaytime temperature stays around 23°c and at night it goes to 16°c. If you would just like to know what the weather was for a past dates for research or education or you are just curious then visit our historical weather of Cleveland section. Travelling to Cleveland? Check out our Weather averages of Cleveland to better plan your holiday or travel. June and July receive most rainfall with precipitation count of 135.80mm. Which months receive most rainfall in Cleveland? January and February are the coldest months with temperature at around -5°c. The weather averages gathered from Cleveland weather forecast and Cleveland weather history also forecast these months temperature to be around 23°c and average of 206.3333 hours of sunshine in a month. June and August are the best month to go for holiday or travel to Cleveland. Cleveland, United States of America Holiday Weather Overview Best months to visit Cleveland? This open-source application is free to download and provides a simple way to combine PDFs on Mac in just a few steps. If you are looking for a reliable and easy-to-use program to merge multiple PDF files on Mac, then PDFsam is the perfect solution. Don't miss this opportunity to use a fantastic tool and merge your PDFs on Mac with ease and efficiency. It eliminates human errors, saves time, and helps automate almost any task, even to encrypt a PDF. The advantages of using Automator on Mac to combine PDFs are numerous. It will automatically hint you to pick the name of your file and the location you wish to save it to.
They were in awe and said they had to get a picture," Solis says. But Solis looks so much like the late singer that it's impossible not to be taken aback.” “Solis, who performs around Houston as a tribute act, wasn't even made up to look like Selena. The newspaper was quoted as saying, “Selena impersonator wows fans at Fiesta de la Flor….She bears an uncanny resemblance to the Tejano icon… She sings live, has some of the same mannerisms and the same laugh as Selena.” The two-day event drew more than 50,000 fans from all over the country, according to the Corpus Christi Caller-Times. The Houston Chronicle, the largest daily newspaper in Houston, mentioned Solis after she received a lot of attention just dressed as herself attending the 2nd Annual Fiesta La Flor in Corpus Christi, TX. He pushed her to enter a Selena karaoke bar contest, and Amanda’s demand as a Selena tribute artist began that day. Interestingly enough, her career almost began as an accident when a friend dared her out of his frustration to how many times people told Solis how much she resembled Selena. She wants to make her own contribution and bring new ears to Tejano music. She achieved the American Dream by becoming an American icon that reached all races, backgrounds, and influenced with her charisma, style and was such a strong role model for us all,” says Solis.Īmanda Solis set out on a career path of her own with her traditional Ranchera voice and her own unique Tejana style. It gave me hope that I can become something great with ambition like Selena. For a Latina like me, it was just a huge influence on my life from then on. growing up, it shocked me, the resemblance to my mother, even the same style and fashion, it inspired me. This is definitely, a great aspiration, not only for a Latina like Solis, but any musician aspiring to make an impact with their career. Selena is the only Latin female artist to have five albums simultaneously on Billboard 200. Her influence has transcended generations and her passionate fans continue to be inspired by her to this day" is what is stated on the official wax museums website. Madame Tussaud’s represent icons who have made a significant impact on our culture. She just dropped a video covering the late Tejano Queen herself, Selena Quintanilla, paying tribute to her song titled, "¿Qué Creías?", initially doing the video to enter the Madame Tussaud’s “Capture Your Selena Moment” contest becoming a finalist as the fan favorite securing her VIP rooftop viewing and unveiling of a Selena wax figure at Madame Tussaud’s Hollywood.Īmanda was interviewed and quoted by LA Times, where she described how honored she was to be in attendance and was asked why she loved Selena, “I mean look at her cuerpaso, her body, her charisma, she was so humble and beautiful, she basically paved the way for a Latina like me, to be proud of myself, with curves and everything.” ![]() Texas City, Texas native, Amanda Solis, has definitely, stayed true to her Tejano roots. ![]() Parachutes in their nose-cones allow them to splash down in the sea to be recovered. ![]() Two minutes after take-off, the solid fuel boosters are depleted and jettisoned. Strapped to the sides of the tank are two solid fuel rocket boosters. The STS (or orbiter) is attached to the centre liquid fuel tank. The Russian shuttle will be referred to as Buran. To simplify this comparison, the NASA shuttle will be referred to here as STS (its official designation) standing for Space Transit System. The Buran atmospheric test model had two jet engines bolted onto the side of it, at the rear. The Enterprise was attached to the modified Boeing 747, flown to a specified height and released to glide back to earth. Again, the Russians did things differently. The atmospheric model was their equivalent of the Enterprise shuttle, which never flew in space but was built for atmosphere testing. But after just 24 flights, this vehicle was damaged and unable to fly again. Later they moved on to one-fifth scale models of Buran, then to a full scale atmospheric model to test the glide and landing abilities. Similar to NASA's approach, the Soviets began with experimental aircraft, the MiG 105 - 11 'Spiral' experimental manned orbital aircraft (Experimental'nyj Pilotiruemyj Orbital'nyj Samolet - EPOS), which flew in 1977/78 and helped in the development of the Soviet Space Shuttle. Although allowance for some scientific research was also included into the project, the development of Buran was predominantly, another branch of the space race between the USA and USSR. The Soviet government began designing Buran in 1976 as a response to NASA's shuttle programme, and although NASA's goal was the further exploration of space, the cheaper launch of satellites (which never really materialised) and to carry out space science, the Soviets' primary goal was to carry nuclear weapons into orbit. But they probably won't think of the Russian space shuttle, Buran. Ask people about the space shuttle and they think of NASA, the American space programme, the International Space Station, Challenger, Columbia and possibly an obscure Star Trek reference 1. |
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